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Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (; born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster, No. 1 ranked player in the world and reigning World Chess Champion in classical and rapid. His peak rating is 2882, the highest in history. A chess prodigy, Carlsen became a Grandmaster in 2004, at the age of 13 years, 148 days, making him the youngest grandmaster in history at the time, although he has since become the third youngest. On 1 January 2010, at the age of 19 years, 32 days, he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world No. 1. In November 2013, Carlsen defeated Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2013, thus becoming the new world chess champion. On the May 2014 FIDE rating list, Carlsen reached his top Elo rating of 2882,〔FIDE rating list of May 2014 http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=305〕 the highest in history. He successfully defended his title in November 2014, once again defeating Viswanathan Anand. Carlsen was known for his attacking style as a teenager but has since developed into a more universal player. He does not focus on opening preparation as much as other top players and plays a variety of openings, making it harder for opponents to prepare against him. His positional mastery and endgame prowess have drawn comparisons to those of former world champions José Raúl Capablanca, Vasily Smyslov, and Anatoly Karpov. == Childhood == Carlsen was born in Tønsberg, Norway, on 30 November 1990, to Sigrun Øen and Henrik Albert Carlsen, both engineers (''sivilingeniør'') by profession.〔Agdestein (2014), p. 36〕 The family spent one year in Espoo, Finland, and then in Brussels, Belgium, and in 1998 returned to Norway and settled in Lommedalen, Bærum. They later moved to Haslum. Carlsen showed an aptitude for intellectual challenges at a young age: at two years, he could solve 50-piece jigsaw puzzles; at four, he enjoyed assembling Lego sets with instructions intended for children aged 10–14.〔Agdestein (2004), p. 10.〕 His father taught him to play chess at the age of 5, although he initially showed little interest in the game. The first chess book Carlsen read was ''Find the Plan'' by Bent Larsen, and his first book on openings was Eduard Gufeld's ''The Complete Dragon''. Carlsen developed his early chess skills by playing by himself for hours at a time—moving the pieces around the chessboard, searching for combinations, and replaying games and positions shown to him by his father. Simen Agdestein emphasises Carlsen's extreme memory, claiming that he was able to recall the areas, population numbers, flags and capitals of all the countries in the world by the age of five. Later, Carlsen had memorised the areas, population numbers, coat-of-arms and administrative centres of "virtually all" Norwegian municipalities. Carlsen participated in his first tournament—the youngest division of the 1999 Norwegian Chess Championship—at the age of 8 years and 7 months, scoring 6½/11.〔Agdestein (2004), p. 14.〕 Carlsen was later coached at the Norwegian College of Elite Sport by the country's top player, Grandmaster (GM) Simen Agdestein, who in turn cites Norwegian football manager Egil "Drillo" Olsen as a key inspiration for his coaching strategy.〔 In 2000, Agdestein introduced Carlsen to Torbjørn Ringdal Hansen, an International Master (IM) and former Norwegian junior champion, as Ringdal served a one-year ''siviltjeneste'' (an alternative civilian service programme) at the college. Over the course of this year, Carlsen's rating rose from 904 in June 2000, to 1907. Carlsen's breakthrough occurred in the Norwegian junior teams championship in September 2000, where Carlsen scored 3½/5 against the top junior players of the country, and a performance rating (PR) of about 2000.〔Agdestein (2004), pp. 16–18; 26.〕 Apart from chess, which Carlsen studied about three to four hours a day, his favourite pastimes included football, skiing, and reading Donald Duck comics.〔Agdestein (2004), pp. 78–79.〕 Carlsen also practiced ski jumping until the age of ten. His personal best is 21 metres.〔Agdestein (2014), p. 17〕 From autumn 2000 to the end of 2002, Carlsen played almost 300 rated tournament games, as well as several blitz tournaments, and participated in other minor events.〔Agdestein (2004), p. 80.〕 In October 2002, he placed sixth in the European Under-12 Championship in Peñiscola.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=European U12 Championship )〕 In the following month, he tied for first place in the World Under-12 Championship in Heraklio, placing second to Ian Nepomniachtchi on tiebreak.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=17° World Championship u12 (boys) )〕 After this, he obtained three IM norms in relatively quick succession; his first was at the January 2003 Gausdal Troll Masters (score 7/10, 2345 PR), the second was at the June 2003 Salongernas IM-tournament in Stockholm (6/9, 2470 PR), and the third and final IM norm was obtained at the July 2003 Politiken Cup in Copenhagen (8/11, 2503 PR). He was officially awarded the IM title on 20 August 2003.〔Agdestein (2004), p. 190.〕 After finishing primary school, Carlsen took a year off to participate in international chess tournaments held in Europe during the fall season of 2003, returning to complete secondary education at a sports school.〔Agdestein (2004), p. 104.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/culture/sulky-mozart-of-chess--the-new-kasparov-20100222-or5a.html )〕 During the year away from school, he finished in a tie for third in the European Under-14 Championship and placed ninth in the World Under-14 Championship.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Youth Chess Championship 2003 - Boys-14 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Magnus Carlsen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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